Atmosphère

Research Infrastructure ACTRIS

SNO NDACC-FR

The NDACC (Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change), formerly NDSC (Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change), is an international network for long-term monitoring of the stratosphere and the high troposphere established in 1991. Objectives include the detection of natural or anthropogenic changes in the atmospheric chemical composition and temperature, studies of interactions between atmospheric chemistry and climate, and long-term validation of similar measurements from available satellites. French activities are grouped in the Service d’Observation NDACC-France of CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)/INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers) coordinated nationally by OVSQ (Observatoire de l’université de Versailles). They are funded by several entities including CNRS/INSU, as well as CNES (Centre National des Etudes Spatiales), IPEV (Institut Paul-Emile Victor), the region of La Reunion, and several partner universities. The laboratories involved are : the LATMOS (Laboratoire, Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales) located in Guyancourt and Paris, the Laboratoire d’Aérologie in Toulouse, the Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones in La Reunion Island, the Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique in Lille, the Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire Atmosphérique of the université of Reims as well as collaborators outside of France including IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) in Bruxelles (Belgium) and NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) in Boulder (United States). The observations are performed in several locations worldwide: in metropolitan France at OHP (Observatoire de Haute Provence), OMP (Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées) located at the Centre de Recherches Atmosphériques in Lannemezan, and in Villeneuve d’Ascq ; in Antarctica at Dumont d’Urville and Concordia (Dôme C); at OPAR (Observatoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère de l’île de la Réunion) in the southern tropics in the Indian Ocean, at the ALOMAR observatory in Andoya (Norway) at the Arctic Circle, and in eight other stations : ScoresbySund (Greenland), Sodankyla (Finland), Salekhhard and Zhigansk (Siberia), Tarawa (Kiribati) in the Pacific Ocean, Bauru (Brazil), Kerguelen (southern Indian Ocean), and Rio Gallegos (southern Argentina).

Website : https://www.aeris-data.fr/en/projects/ndacc-france-2/

Contact : Andréa Pazmino (LATMOS)

SNO INDAAF

INDAAF (International Network to study Deposition and Atmospheric composition in Africa) is a network dedicated to the long-term monitoring of the atmospheric composition and deposition fluxes in Africa. INDAAF results from the merging, in 2015, of the IDAF (IGAC-DEBITS Africa) observation service (labeled INSU/CNRS since 1995) and the “Sahelian Dust Transect” network deployed in 2006 the frame of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) international program.

INDAAF is a national observation service (Service National d’Observation, SNO) of the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) of the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and supported by the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). The network is also supported by the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) and the Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers – Enveloppes Fluides de la Ville à l’Exobiologie (OSU-EFLUVE). It is piloted by the Laboratoire d’Aérologie (LAERO, Toulouse, France) and the Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA, Créteil, France) with the contribution of the Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Parie (iEES-Paris, Bondy, France).

INDAAF is part of the French Research Infrastructure Aerosol Cloud and Trace Gases Infrastructure Research (ACTRIS-FR) since 2015. INDAAF contributes also to international initiatives:

– it is a long term project endorsed by the Deposition of Biogeochemically Trace Species (DEBITS) activity part of the International Global Atmopsheric Chemistry (IGAC) programme,

– it is an official contributing network to the World Meteorological Organization-Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) programme and it contributes to the WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS).

The INDAAF long term monitoring network is composed by 8 stations in 7 countries of West and Central Africa (Mali, Niger, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Benin, Congo, and Cameroun). Two partner stations are located in South Africa and South Tunisia. The INDAAF measurement sites are representative of non perturbed rural sites of the main African ecosystems (dry savannas-wet savannas-equatorial forests).

Website : https://indaaf.obs-mip.fr/fr/accueil/

Contact : Corinne Galy-Lacaux (LAERO) Béatrice Marticorena (LISA)

SI SIRTA

The SIRTA Atmospheric Research Observatory is one of few sites in Europe offering the instrumentation and the facilities to study atmospheric physico-chemical processes from the surface to the upper troposphere through the boundary layer. At SIRTA, we study climate variability at regional and decadal scales and evaluate the performance of atmospheric models (climate projection, weather forecast, chemistry-transport, etc.).

SIRTA addresses the needs of four missions that span on multi-decadal time scales:

– Atmospheric Monitoring: SIRTA carries out and provides access to long time series of atmospheric observations necessary to improve our knowledge of atmospheric physico-chemical processes (gases, aerosols, clouds, precipitation, thermodynamics, dynamics, radiation), to study climate variability on decadal and regional scales, and to evaluate atmospheric models.

– Atmospheric Exploration: SIRTA hosts experimental measurement campaigns in a rich observational environment, equipped with efficient logistics. It allows us to explore complex atmospheric processes, to develop methods exploiting instrumental synergies (tracers, in-situ series and remote sensing), to prepare future satellite observations and validate on-going ones,  to develop new parameterizations for models, to test and qualify new instruments.

– Experimental teaching: SIRTA allows the realization of experimental work and teaching projects that take place as part of atmospheric science courses (hosting of students at Bachelor, Master and Doctorate levels)  (internal link to the page).

– Metrological and radiative expertise: SIRTA hosts two expertise centers of the ACTRIS European Research Infrastructure (internal link to the page) which aim at improving the quality of measurements, methods and data of networks of observations of physical properties of clouds (CCRES) (internal link to the page) and the physico-chemical properties of aerosols (ACMCC).(internal link to the page). SIRTA also hosts and maintains a surface radiation budget station that contribute to the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN).

The scientific perimeter of activities carried out at SIRTA includes reactive and greenhouse gases, aerosols, clouds, and precipitation, radiative exchanges, heat fluxes, atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. The scientific applications also concern the use of these fields of expertise to study their impact on human activities such as health, transport and energy (with a particular focus on solar and wind renewable energies).

Website : https://sirta.ipsl.fr/

Contacts : Martial Haeffelin (IPSL), Jean-Charles Dupont (IPSL), Valérie Gros (LSCE)

IN CESAM

CESAM is an atmospheric simulation chamber dedicated to the study of multiphase atmospheric processes such as the formation of secondary aerosol or gaseous compounds in cloud-phase reactivity. This is a stainless steel reactor with a volume of 4.2 m3, equipped of pumping devices allowing to make a secondary vacuum, particularly to limit the potential memory effects which may persist to another experience.

The particular design of this chamber allows :

• to work at low enough levels of concentration to ensure that the studied processes are representative of those occurring in the natural atmospheres
• to ensure a lifetime of aerosol consistent with the study of its aging process. The body of the reactor is double-walled allowing the circulation of heat transfer fluids to regulate the temperature of the reaction mixture. This system is modular since it has twelve side plates supporting various equipment (optical spectrometry, lines of transfer, pump tubing, ports of introduction and sampling). The chamber is equipped with the most modern tools for metrology of aerosols and their precursors.

Being awarded “National Instrument of CNRS-INSU”, CESAM is widely open to the international community. CESAM is part of the facilities of ACTRIS-FR and ACTRIS-EU.

Website : https://www.cesam.cnrs.fr/

Contact : Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault

IN PEGASUS

PEGASUS  (Portable Gas and Aerosol Sampling UnitS) mobile facility is an operational instrumented set for field observations aiming to study the aerosol and gas phase atmospheric composition, and the optical and hygroscopic properties of aerosols which determine their direct and indirect radiative effects.

PEGASUS welcomes collaboration. It is equipped with dedicated devices (airborne type mounting rails, acquisition stations and centralized and secure computer storage, written procedures, etc.) and operated by trained personnel to host instrumentation from other institutes. Since 2022, PEGASUS is a national facility of CNRS INSU within the ACTRIS-FR research infrastructure.

Website : https://pegasus.aeris-data.fr/

Contact : Paola Formenti (LISA)

Research Infrastructure ICOS

SNO ICOS-FR

The French program for atmospheric CO2 monitoring was initiated by G. Lambert’s research group from the Centre des Faibles Radioactivités (CFR), at the Amsterdam Island station in 1980. The National Observation Service SNO-RAMCES is labeled by INSU-CNRS since 1992, with in-situ CO2 measurements at Amsterdam Island and Mace Head in Ireland, in addition to weekly air sampling for the measurement of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO by gas chromatography. The first CO2 measuring station in mainland France was opened at the top of the Puy de Dôme in 2000, then the SNO-RAMCES was gradually developed within the framework of European projects (e.g. AEROCARB, CARBOEUROPE-IP, CHIOTTO), before participating to the European ICOS research infrastructure. The SNO ICOS-France-Atmosphere now includes 18 monitoring stations, including 11 in mainland France. Five of these stations are already labeled at European level by ICOS-ERIC, two are in the process of becoming so, while the other stations are labeled at national level. For all the stations we apply measurement protocols from the specifications established by ICOS, regularly updated by the Atmospheric Thematic Center. All the CO2 and CH4 measurements of the SNO-IFA are accessible on this AERIS site, with an annual update, and with a link established with the Carbon Portal for the stations labeled by ICOS-ERIC.

Website : https://sno-ifa.aeris-data.fr/en/homepage/

Contact : Michel Ramonet (LSCE), Léo Rivier (LSCE)

Ocean

Research Infrastructure OHIS

SNO OISO COOL

Observing and understanding the seasonal, inter-annual and decadal variations of the oceanic carbon cycle is crucial to better estimate the global carbon budget and understand its evolution, to investigate the ocean acidification, and to validate diagnostic and prognostic climate models (e.g. Global Carbon Project, Global Ocean Acidification Observation Network, IPCC). To this aim, the OISO program (Océan Indien Service d’Observations), initiated in 1998, collects measurements of CO2 and associated parameters (T, S, DIC, TA, O2, nutrients, Chl-a, 13C, 18O) in both surface and water column along the repeated lines of R.V. Marion-Dufresne in the South-Western Indian and Southern Oceans; this coverage is an important complement to the international CO2 observing system (IOCCP, GO-SHIPS). The OISO program is linked to national and international programs (LEFE, SOERE/GREATGASES, CARBOOCEAN, CARBOCHANGE, IGBP/SOLAS/IMBER, CLIVAR, GO-SHIPS, GOA-ON, SOCCOM, SOOS, IIOE-2). Collaborations with French and foreign scientists are engaged since the start of the project in 1998, either to conduct process studies (e.g. N2 fixation, phytoplanktonic species), to deploy autonomous floats (Carioca, ARGO, Bio-ARGO), or to use the data for global carbon budget estimates and models validation (GCP, SOCOM projects). The OISO data are regularly included in dedicated databases (CORIOLIS, OCADS, GOA-ON, JasDCP) and international data synthesis (SOCAT, GLODAP). Since 1998, OISO data have been used in 35 phD thesis, more than 380 peer-reviewed publications including references in the IPCC reports (2013, 2019).

Website : https://campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr/series/228/index.htm

Contact : Claire Lo Monaco (LOCEAN)

SNO SNAPO-CO2

Continental surfaces

Research Infrastructure OZCAR

SNO RENOIR

SNO RENOIR (“Réseau français d’observation des isotopes dans les précipitations”) is a network for long-term observation of the stable isotope content of the water molecule (δ18O and δ2H) in precipitation at the scale of metropolitan and overseas France. As intrinsic tracers of the water molecule, oxygen 18 and deuterium are robust tracers for the study of the water cycle, the origin of its various components and associated processes.

The objectives of SNO RENOIR are (i) to understand the reactivity of hydro- and eco-systems (for which we only observe a transient response), and (ii) to acquire a reliable and continuous “Input” function of these systems.

SNO RENOIR is therefore a nationally-structured observatory of the isotopic composition of precipitation, with the aim of federating, standardizing, supporting and sharing input data from hydrosystems and ecosystems, used by a very broad scientific community (hydrologists, hydrogeologists & geochemists, biologists & ecologists, (paleo)climatologists, scientific experts).

Website : https://sno-renoir.osups.universite-paris-saclay.fr/

Contact : Elisabeth Gibert-Brunet (GEOPS)

SNO H+

The H+ observation service was created in 2002 with following missions:

The first goal of the H+ observation service is to maintain and coordinate a network of experimental sites capable of providing data – including chronicles or data on long term experiments – for the characterisation, quantification and modelling of water, element and energy transfers in underground aquifers.

The coupling between measurements, theories, and models is a fundamental goal of the H+ observation service. The observatory aims to create a long-term relation between research teams interested in the theoretical, numerical or experimental aspects of transfers in heterogeneous media.

The H+ observation service also has the task of establishing a partnership between fundamental research, training and operational partners. Training activities are organised on the exploitation of the resource and the prevention of environmental risks.

The H+ database includes the data acquired on the sites of H+ National observation service:

• Ploemeur (Ploemeur & Guidel)
• Poitiers
• Larzac
• LSBB
• AUVERWATCH (Val d’Allier & Port-Douvot)
• Rouen

Website : https://hplus.ore.fr/en/homepage/

Contact : Damien Jougnot (METIS), Tanguy Le Borgne (SNO coordinator, Géosciences Rennes)